This is a short chapter mainly to discuss other users of radar data apart from duty forecasters.

 3.1. Quantitative precipitation estimates


 3.2. Reflectivity

• Radar does not measure precipitation intensity (mm) but scattering of microwaves.
• Scattered power (W) is converted to reflectivity (dBZ) (radar equation, assumptions made) and that further to mm/h (ZR equation, assumptions made) z -> dBZ
• Marshal & Palmer RDSD
• Moments of RDSD (z, R, lwc)
• z not linear to R
• Typical z-R relations (write as R-z relation?)
• z of snow, graupel, hail
• Accumulation: role of time-interval
• vpr, melting layer (link to problems)
• Gauge comparisons are not straightforward

Material to this section is available through:

 Laurent Delobbe: animations, PowerPoint presentations and case study material
 Iwan Hollemann: PowerPoint presentations
 Roger Deslandes: animations, PowerPoint presentations, quizzes and case study material
 Wilfried Jacobs: animations, PowerPoint presentations, case study material and other
 Urs Germann: animations, PowerPoint presentations, quizzes and other
 Evelyn Murphy: PowerPoint presentations
 Uta Gjertsen: PowerPoint presentations
 A.J. Illingworth: PowerPoint presentations and other
 Paul Joe: animations, PowerPoint presentations and case study material
 R.J. Keeler: PowerPoint presentations and other
 Martin Hagen: PowerPoint presentations and quizzes
 Peter Rodriguez: case study material and other
 Frederic Fabry: animations and other