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What is Truth? |
Complete the following table by dragging the text tags describing data characteristics into the appropriate box of the right hand column of the table. As you will see from this exercise, the matching of forecasts and observations for verification presents challenges because of the large differences in characteristics.
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Valid at specific points Valid at specific points An average over an area or volume An average over an area or volume An average over an area or volume High spatial resolution High spatial resolution High spatial resolution High spatial resolution High spatial coverage High spatial coverage High spatial coverage High temporal resolution High temporal resolution High temporal resolution Direct observations of meteorological variable? Meteorological variables sensed indirectly Meteorological variables sensed indirectly Meteorological variables sensed indirectlyYes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
Not quite.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
Possibly correct. Depends on the model formulation.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes, but usually a small volume.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Possibly correct ("grid box average").
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Possibly, depends on the satellite pixel size.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Depends on model grid resolution.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
Rarely. True only for high-density networks which are quite local.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True, especially when networked.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
True.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Yes, within model domain.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Usually, depends on observation frequency, or accumulation period for recording instruments.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
Moderately. Typically 10 min or so.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
For verification purposes, no. Geostationary satellite data may have moderate temporal resolution.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. For verification, depends on frequency of model output.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
Yes. Direct in situ measurements. Some exceptions for automatic stations.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Rain rate estimated for illuminated radar volume; difficult to estimate precipitation at ground.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. Various radiative transfer relationships needed to convert received signal into temperature, precipitation, cloud and wind estimates.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.
Yes. This is the most indirect kind of "measurement". Short range model forecasts are sometimes used as "observations" in verification.